CANADA | Summary (2024)

OVERVIEW|HISTORY||

OVERVIEW

GDP: 1.736 Trillion USD1
Health Expenditure (% ofGDP):10.57%2

  • Population:37.74 million
  • Housing:81.2% Urban, 18.8% Rural

HISTORY

The Government of Canada tells the story of the history of its health care system. Under the Constitution Act of1867,health care was the responsibility of provinces, and was privately funded and delivered through World War II.4In 1947, led by leader Tommy Douglas, the province of Saskatchewan providedthe first provincial hospital care program.4Then, in 1957, major health legislation was passedcalled the Hospital Insurance and Diagnostic Services Act (HIDS). It financed approximately 50% of health care expenses in the provinces and territories.4 During this time, doctors, insurance companies, and big businesses were fighting against the expansion of public health coverage. In 1960, according to the Canadian Health Coalition, the Canadian Medical Association joined in the protest by opposing all publicly funded health care.5 In 1962, Saskatchewan’s government introduced the first medical insurance plan for physicians' services.4 Doctors refused to comply with the government-controlled scheme,and many went on strike andclosed their offices or took a temporary leave from providing health services.The strike collapsed in just three weeks.4

The Medical CareAct, also known as Medicare, passed in 1966.4 This act, "offered to reimburse, or cost share, one-half of provincial and territorial costs for medical services provided by a doctor outside hospitals. Within six years, all the provinces and territories had universal physician services insurance plans.4" The last major health legislation was the Canada Health Act in 1984.4 The act addressed the issue of “extra-billing,”which doctors were using to raise their income, by banning it.4 It also set requirements for all provincial and territorial health plans to abide by by setting"conditions and criteria on portability, accessibility, universality, comprehensiveness, public administration."4

HEALTH & HEALTH SYSTEM

Canada has universal health coverage funded through a health system called Medicare. It was created from the Canada Health Act and must comply with the five pillars of that act.6 The system must be universal, publicly administered, have comprehensive coverage, portable across provinces, and accessible to the population.6Medicare covers 100% of the population and each province or territory manages all of its own residents with their specific residency requirements.The health system is funded mainly by provincial or territorial general tax revenue with some federal transfers and is free at the point of delivery for citizens.There is no cost-sharing for inpatient or outpatient care and prescription drug prices vary but are still inexpensive. There are some safety-net, public programs that assist low-income individuals, children with disabilities, and the elderly with prescription drug costs. Non-citizens such as temporary legal visitors and undocumented immigrants are not entitled to Medicare but provinces and territories may provide limited emergency services to these populations since medical care can’t be refused in an emergency.6

According to The Commonwealth Fund, about 67% of Canadians have some sort of private, supplementary coverage for prescription drugs, dental and eye care, rehabilitation services, and private hospital rooms which Medicare does not cover. Overall, Canadians are allowed to choose where they receive health care services and even have flexibility in other provinces and territories. If a Canadian citizen receives care outside of their province or territory, they pay upfront and receive reimbursem*nts from their home province or territory. It is important to note an individual is reimbursed at their home province’s fee schedule, therefore, if rates are different they may end up covering the rest.10

Most hospitals are publicly funded and are required to function under a fixed budget. Most family physicians are private and operate on a fee-for-service payment system. The Canadian government also heavily regulates the health system and may limit services as a strategy to contain costs which may lead to longer wait times. Another challenge for the Canadian health system is a lack of cohesiveness and coordination within the system. Although they have universal health coverage and favorable health outcomes, Canada doesn’t reach better results like the Netherlands or other Nordic countries due to the lack of efficiency in the health system.11

HEALTH INDICATORS & DEMOGRAPHICS

The country provides excellent access to health care and has low rates of health disparities leading to overall favorable health outcomes throughout the whole country.

  • Fertility Rate: 1.5 live births per woman
  • Life Expectancy (Female, Male): 85,81
  • Infant Mortality Rate: 3.9 deaths per 1,000 live births
  • Child Mortality Rate: 4.8 per 1,000 live births
  • Maternal Mortality Rate: 8.3 deaths per 100,000 live births
  • Prevalence of Obesity: 26.3%
  • White NH: 75%
  • Asian: 14%
  • Native: 5%
  • Black NH: 3%
  • Hispanic/Latino: 2%
  • Other: 1%
  • 0-14 years: 15.4%
  • 15-24 years: 11.6%
  • 25-54 years: 39.6%
  • 55-64 years: 14.2%
  • 65 years and over: 19.1%

References

1 The World Bank. (2019). Canada . Data. https://data.worldbank.org/country/canada?view=chart.

2 The World Bank. (2017). Current health expenditure (% of GDP). Data. https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SH.XPD.CHEX.GD.ZS.

3 Canada Population 2020 (Live). Canada Population 2020 (Demographics, Maps, Graphs). (2020). https://worldpopulationreview.com/countries/canada-population.

4 Canada's Health Care System. https://www.canada.ca/en/health-canada/services/health-care-system/repor....

5 Canadian Health Coalition. https://www.healthcoalition.ca/tools-and-resources/history-of-canadas-pu....

6 Tikkanen, R. (2020, June 5). Canada. https://www.commonwealthfund.org/international-health-policy-center/coun....

7 Canada Population (LIVE). (2020). https://www.worldometers.info/world-population/canada-population/.

8 Canada Age Structure. (2020). Retrieved from https://www.indexmundi.com/canada/age_structure.html

9 Geography Now! Canada. (2015). https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SxhUsPBFPkU&t=633s.

10 Canada's Provincial Health Plans - What Does Your Province Cover? Special Benefits Insurance Services. (2019, October 15). https://www.sbis.ca/canadas-provincial-health-plans.html.

11 How is the delivery system organized and how are providers paid? Commonwealth Fund. https://www.commonwealthfund.org/international-health-policy-center/syst....

CANADA | Summary (2024)

FAQs

CANADA | Summary? ›

Canada is a country in North America. Its ten provinces and three territories extend from the Atlantic Ocean to the Pacific Ocean and northward into the Arctic Ocean, making it the world's second-largest country by total area, with the world's longest coastline.

What is a brief summary of Canada? ›

It is the second largest country in the world, but it has only one-half of one percent of the world's population. Canada features black-blue lakes, numerous rivers, majestic western mountains, rolling central plains, and forested eastern valleys.

What is special about Canada? ›

Nature, wildlife and beautiful landscapes

Canada is full of incredible outdoor wonders and is famed for its natural beauty. Its varied coastlines are one source of its enviable natural beauty. Canada is home to the world's largest coastline (202,080 km long to be precise) stretching from the Pacific to the Atlantic.

Why is Canada an important country? ›

Canada has been an influential member of the Commonwealth and has played a leading role in the organization of French-speaking countries known as La Francophonie. It was a founding member of the United Nations and has been active in a number of major UN agencies and other worldwide operations.

What is the brief history of Canada? ›

The Dominion of Canada formed in 1867, but as an integral part of the British Empire its foreign relations remained under the control of London. Over the next six decades Canada gradually won greater control over its external affairs, spurred in part by the demands of managing its relationship with the United States.

How would you describe Canada's location? ›

Canada is at the top of North America above the United States. It is bordered on the west by the Pacific Ocean and on the east by the Atlantic Ocean. The US is to the south and to the north is the Arctic Ocean. Canada takes up nearly half of the North American continent.

What makes Canada unique and different? ›

Canada is a country that is entirely multicultural and even has an official national policy of multiculturalism. Some examples of this policy include having media (like newspapers) in several languages, including Italian, Chinese, Portuguese, Arabic, etc.

What is the famous part of Canada? ›

Toronto is likely Canada's best-known city due to the hubbub around the Toronto International Film Festival, the sky-high CN Tower, and major sports franchises like the Blue Jays, the Toronto Maple Leafs, and the Raptors.

Why is Canada the most admired country on earth? ›

The country's dedication to providing its citizens with a safe, stable, and peaceful environment is widely admired, making it a preferred destination for those seeking a high standard of living and opportunities for personal growth.

Why is Canada so similar to the US? ›

The people of Canada are descended from much the same stock—half from the British Isles and half from continental Europe. Canadians and Americans have grown up together in the same environment. Either side along the boundary, from the Atlantic to the Pacific, the pattern of daily life is much the same.

What does Canada do better than the US? ›

Canada has more egalitarian policies than does the US. It looks for professional qualifications in many of the immigrants it admits. And many potential top Canadian earners leave for the larger market of the US, thus truncating the top of the Canadian income distribution over time.

Why did Canada become a country? ›

English- and French-speaking colonists struggled to get along, and Great Britain itself found that governing and financing its far-flung colonies was expensive and burdensome. For those reasons, Great Britain united three of its colonies, Canada, Nova Scotia and New Brunswick, into the Dominion of Canada in 1867.

What was Canada first known as? ›

By 1616, although the entire region was known as New France, the area along the great river of Canada and the Gulf of St. Lawrence was still called Canada. Soon explorers and fur traders opened up territory to the west and to the south, and the area known as Canada grew.

What is Canada's largest export? ›

Yearly Trade

The most recent exports are led by Crude Petroleum ($123B), Cars ($29.4B), Petroleum Gas ($24.3B), Refined Petroleum ($17.2B), and Gold ($14.7B). The most common destination for the exports of Canada are United States ($438B), China ($25.4B), Japan ($14.3B), United Kingdom ($12.9B), and Mexico ($7.39B).

What I like about Canada in a paragraph? ›

From its diverse landscapes to its friendly, welcoming people, there's a lot that Canada has to offer. The country's immigration programs complement the growing needs of the job market, and after an initial settling-in period, there's no shortage of work opportunities for skilled newcomers.

What is Canadian identity paragraph? ›

Canadian identity refers to the unique culture, characteristics and condition of being Canadian, as well as the many symbols and expressions that set Canada and Canadians apart from other peoples and cultures of the world.

What is the description of Order of Canada? ›

[Screen Description: Text on a grey background reads, “The Order of Canada honours exceptional Canadians for their extraordinary and sustained achievements and their service to others and to Canada, gg.ca/honours.” The insignia of the Companion, Officer and Member of the Order of Canada are above the text.]

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